Our duty to others can be illustrated using another example, one used by contemporary utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer. Although there are references to this idea in the works of ancient philosopherEpicurus, its closely associated with English philosopherJeremy Bentham. By asking us to maximise benefit for the largest number of people (or, for Peter Singer and other preference utilitarians, creatures who have preferences), we set aside our personal biases and self-interest to benefit others. Consequentialism plays a huge role in this scenario as in both cases results of the decision made can be either positive or negative. We will describe some examples of the influence of consequentialism over current medical law. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This is because all things being equal they will live longer and may contribute more to society over a longer period of time. Articles. Roughly speaking, the consequentialist believes that outcomes are all that matter, and that people should therefore endeavor to act so as to produce the best consequences, based on an impartial perspective as to what is best. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. The foregoing are just a sample of the ethical approaches a healthcare professional may adopt in practice and it may be argued that there are three main moral theories from which these approaches may, in part, spring, namely virtue ethics, deontology and consequentialism. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2005 Oct;25(5):312-27. AWB. Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. There is important reason for the root word. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health. Accessed January 13, 2018. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. A Consequentialist Manifesto for the Evolution of Medical Law. Ethical principles and concepts in medicine. Applications of facial recognition technology (FRT) in health care settings have been developed to identify and monitor patients as well as to diagnose genetic, medical, and behavioral conditions. Sandolu A. We will have to remember as a society that, of all the things a person might do at any given moment, the morally right action is the one with the best overall consequences. Also, it is advantageous because there is no guesswork; the physician does not have to predictconsequences because while . Consequentialism is an attractive ethical approach because it provides clear and practical guidance at least in situations where outcomes are easy to predict. As there is a buzz of chatter and activity presently in Trinidad and Tobago's ' gangland' one cannot dismiss the propensity of consequentialism surfacing. Hughes N. Google takes aim at controversial, stringent Illinois biometric privacy law. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE); May 3-6, 2015; Halifax, Canada:1199-1202. Especially in India the incidence of birth defects, cancers and diseases related to skin, lungs, brain, kidneys and liver are several times more dominant than any other communities.8 The river drainage has significant influence on the land use and socio-economic fabric of the basin. Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. In-depth content analysis of the data was undertaken via NVivo coding and thematic identification. Through alienating ourselves Railton shows that adopting ones exclusive ultimate end in life in the pursuit of maximum happiness may well prevent one from having experiences or engaging in certain sorts of commitments that are among the greatest sources of happiness (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1984). Subsequent actions are mediated though ethical decision-making frames of reference including deontology, consequentialism, the ethics of care and virtue ethics. The .gov means its official. December 9, 2017. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php. 1-2.) https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. However, despite these efforts, the oppressing side ignores the foreign powers efforts. Chan School of Public Health. Learn more in our Cookie Policy. Immanuel Kant started developing deontology after he was inspired by the movement called the Enlightenment, which emphasized human reason and individual autonomy. Accessibility John Stuart Mill, a student of Benthams, disagreed. In effect we become moral martyrs, surrendering our integrity (leading to alienation) in order to achieve what they believe is morally right. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, Pub L No. Face recognition methods and applications. Indeed, society as a whole is more important than any one person in the eyes of a Utilitarian. Rather than taking into account our own attitudes towards an action, by taking an objective standpoint we are able to remove ourselves from our usual social groups and ideologies which affect the way in which we act and look at a situation, and instead we should act without bias. Consequentialism From a consequentialist position the question of whether it is wrong to breach confidentiality is determined by the consequences of the breach. New technology may provide the answer. Epub 2011 Dec 6. This is not the greatest amount of happiness for the moral agent but the greatest amount of happiness overall - this is known as the greatest happiness principle. Utilitarianism in this instance appears to give the morally incorrect answer. 2022 Jul;57(4):852-864. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12725. According to consequentialism, you should always strive to bring about good consequences, rather than simply obeying an arbitrary set of ethical rules. FRT systems can store data as a complete facial image or as a facial template.34 Facial templates are considered biometric data and thus personally identifiable information.35 The idea that a photo can reveal private health information is relatively new, and privacy regulations and practices are still catching up. But Jim has to actively kill someone unlike the duck feeder for whom the only bad consequences are that he will get wet and muddy. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the On the other, FRT medication adherence monitoring might not be sufficiently effective in improving adherence to outweigh the risk of undermining trust in the patient-physician relationship.42. Moore 1912, chs. The happiness of the individual is overridden by the happiness of the masses. Philosophy , Volume 56 , Issue 218 , October 1981 , pp. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The first ethical theory we will look at more closely is consequentialism. US Department of Health and Human Services. The legal and ethical concerns that arise from using complex predictive analytics in health care. Tap here to review the details. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Healthcare workers often face a problem of decision - making. The lack of respect for the integrity of the individual is raised by Bernard Williams famous Jim and the Indians thought experiment, quoted above. One World Identity. Is it okay to do bad things for a good cause? FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging. Discussion: Federal Privacy Protections: Ethical Foundations, Sources of Confusion in Clinical Medicine, and Controversies in Biomedical Research, Mary Anderlik Majumder, JD, PhD and Christi J. Guerrini, JD. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. Epub 2020 Mar 30. The Ethical Theory. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Stephen ID, Hiew V, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Perrett DI. In one moment Jim goes from being a tourist in a foreign country to becoming a murderer for the sake of morality. Philos Public Aff. Guidance regarding methods for de-identification of protected health information in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. Utilitarianism is a moral theory, which works as a form of consequentialism helps individuals to assess whether an action is good or bad. Deontology is a system of ethical analysis, most closely associated with Immanuel Kant, that bases the correctness of one's actions on fulfilling the duties of the actor (Alexander and Moore, 2008).Thus individuals have moral obligations to others and, if they fulfill those obligations, they are acting ethically; if they . One recent example that gained notoriety was an FRT system used to identify gay men from a set of photos that may have simply identified the kind of grooming and dress habits stereotypically associated with gay men.30 The developers of this FRT system did not intend it to be used for a clinical purpose but rather to illustrate how bias can influence FRT findings.30, Thankfully, potential solutions for addressing bias in FRT systems exist. He believed it was too difficult for a society to run if it had to consider the specific costs/benefits of every single action. Even if the damage to Jims integrity is taken into account, there is another problem: the consequentialist would regard Jims killing another person not merely as preferable, but as morally required. Int J Lang Commun Disord. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA); April 29-30, 2016; Noida, India:399-404. For consequentialism, life is a numbers game; an action should aim to make the majority happy, regardless of who they are, and should aim to go for actions that produce minimal pain. Therefore, the absolutist claim that war is wholly a bad thing, or that it cannot be for a good cause despite its undesirability, is reasonably refuted. Relationships among moral reasoning, coping style, and ethics stress. The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. . The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Accessed March 28, 2017. Q: Roe v. Wade may soon be overturned by the Supreme Court, while at the same time other countries are loosening restrictions around abortion rights. Among the most prominent approaches to ethics within philosophy is a highly influential position known as consequentialism. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Blease had argued that patients' attention should be . Disclaimer. He even developed a calculator to work out which actions were better or worse the felicific calculus. The other concern people express is the tendency of consequentialism to use ends justify the means logic. While FRT systems in health care can de-identify data, some experts are skeptical that such data can be truly anonymized21; from clinical and ethical perspectives, informing patients about this kind of risk is critical. Consequentialism Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. First, as it is the general performance of all people that is collectively coordinated to promote the overall good, rule-consequentialism may distribute a fair share of the burden to all participants in society (Mulgan 2001, p. 54). An objective measure of whether something is good or bad, and by how much. 2017;242:797-804. March 2018. https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b. Epub 2019 Apr 11. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. 1828 Words8 Pages. Aims: But it's more than just one rival among many, for every plausible moral theory must concede that the goodness of an act's consequences is something that matters even if it's not the only thing that matters. 110-233, 122 Stat 881. The meaning of CONSEQUENTIALISM is the theory that the value and especially the moral value of an act should be judged by the value of its consequences. Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. Consequentialism is a normative ethics theory whereby the ends justify the means; in other words, the consequence of an action justifies the moral acceptability of an action of the means taken to reach that end. 2021 Jul-Aug;42(4):787-791. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.020. Katy Baker studied Philosophy at the University of Kent and is now part of the Philosophy Now team. In: Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law. https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/atlas/. Why facial recognition is the future of diagnostics. It provides criteria and rules for moral evaluation and decision making. To demonstrate this I will use an adapted version of John Harris Survival Lottery thought experiment (this thought experiment is a theoretical example used to highlight the objection and is not to be taken literally): Let us imagine we have five patients who require organ transplants. The result justifies the means are based on a consequentialism. Utilitarianism in Public Health January 2016 . Benthams views are most closely aligned withact utilitarianism. Consequentialism is the theory in moral philosophy that says our actions should aim at producing the best consequences. Utilitarianism judges consequences by a greatest good for the greatest number standard. The Survival Lottery thought experiment highlights that there are actions which we consider morally right or wrong regardless of the amount of happiness or welfare produced. FRT in health care also raises ethical questions about privacy and data protection, potential bias in the data or analysis, and potential negative implications for the therapeutic alliance in patient-clinician relationships. What matters is not so much the horrific act in itself but the outcome of that act. On the one hand, the use of FRT to monitor the safety of dementia patients could be perceived as having benefits that outweigh the burdens of surveillance. A heavy man in a sweat-stained khaki shirt turns out to be the captain in charge and, after a good deal of questioning of Jim which establishes that he got there by accident while on a botanical expedition, explains that the Indians are a random group of the inhabitants who, after recent acts of protest against the government, are just about to be killed to remind other possible protestors of the advantages of not protesting. According to non-consequentialism, the rightness of an action is not solely determined by its consequences. Parmar DN, Mehta BB. Informed consent. Many utilitarians take a hedonistic approach, saying that utility equates to happiness, so we should act to produce the greatest happiness, and to minimize pain and unhappiness. "The rationale isn't that they're more worthy; it's that they can contribute in the longer run to saving more lives.". This is the basis of duty based ethics, also known as deontology, which we will turn our attention to in the next post. Keeping to those rules ensures that. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. A person should do whatever leads to the best consequence. Handb Clin Neurol. Her research focuses on neuroethics as well as the ethics of digital health technology and machine learning with a focus on mental health issues and special populations. It is a problem that consequentialism forces us to take an impersonal, objective view of situations and override some of our most cherished beliefs because of its requirement that we focus exclusively on the final result. Click here to review the details. Accessed July 25, 2018. Instead, it is being driven by patients, who are increasingly turning into consumers. Consequentialism in scenario. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

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