. #7 The Location of Saint Georges Major Shrine Is in Lydda, Israel The Church of St. George in Lydda, Israel, is the most well-known shrine to St. George. My by Luke Brown, LPCC | Feb 16, 2023 | Catholic Bible Studies And Reflections, Love and Relationships, World's View. Nameberry is a registered trademark of Nameberry, LLC. Nor did I know Gods plan that I would end up studying at Franciscan University. Just about everything else we do gives us results within a relatively short period of time. Celebrate St Georges Day St Georges Day used to be a national holiday in England. John of Avila came to visit him there and told him his penance had gone on long enough -- forty days, the same amount as the Lord's suffering the desert -- and had John moved to a better part of the hospital. Added to theChristian name, it gives the person confirmed a heavenly patron whom he should endeavor to imitate.. [7], A canonized saint can be assigned as patron by a venerable tradition, or chosen by election. The term may be applied to individuals to whom similar roles are ascribed in Islam and Hinduism. #8 Saint George Slew a Dragon According to legend, a city was being terrorized by an angry and vicious dragon. Patron Saints of Students. In the pantheon of Catholic saint names, we find protectors of counties and cities, of living things ranging from caterpillars to wolves not to mention those who guard against conditions from compulsive gambling to gout. As a soldier, he was hardly a model of holiness, taking part in the gambling, drinking, and pillaging that his comrades enjoyed. According to the Golden Legend, he was sent as an architect to build a great palace for Gondoforus, the King of the Indies. Feast Day: September 17. According to the Catholic catechism a person's patron saint, having already attained the beatific vision, is able to intercede with God for their needs. The choice of St George as Englands patron saint was predominantly that of one man, King Edward III, who reigned from 1327 to 1377. Can Catholics Find Gospel Truths In Jesus Revolution? And, so, they are not merely role models or spectators; they can be our true intercessors. St. George anticipated this and distributed his property among the poor and freed his slaves. What can we do to meet their needs and ensure they grow spiritually in their Catholic faith? Patron, whose name I bear, be mindful of me before God. Saint of the Day for Saturday, March 4th, 2023, First Station: Jesus is condemned to death. There are instances in every person's life when it seems that a problem is insurmountable or a cross is unbearable. The man who nursed him back to health, the manager of a large estate, adopted John. #2 Saint George Was Canonized in 494 AD St. George was officially canonized in 494 AD by Pope Gelasius I. As Millennial parents, my husband and I have grappled with the issue of moderating screen time for ourselves and our children. Saint George offered to kill the dragon if they consented to become Christians and be baptized. by Becky Roach | Jan 30, 2023 | February, Lent. | Irondale, AL 35210 |. From the time he was eight to the day he died, John followed every impulse of his heart. Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle /lsl/ (April 30, 1651 April 7, 1719) was a French priest, educational reformer, and founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. The Patron Saint of Liars was the debut novel by one of my favorite contemporary writers, Ann Patchett. The patron saint of brewers for his partying days, and patron saint of addiction, for those that are struggling with a vice or habit that they wish to kick. The flag consists of a red cross on a white background and was first worn by the English King Richard The Lionheart Plantagenet and his English Knights on the Third Crusade in the 12th century. Copyright 2022 Catholic Online. The reason? Thank you, Correction: List of Various saints and their patronage. Pope Benedict XVI even named him "patron of all priests." Saint Bernadette Soubirous - Born to a family of millers, Bernadette was hired out at a young age as a shepherdess due to economic. Choose 3 Saints To Invite To Your Christmas Party! When he's on deadline, he adds in writing time after work and on weekends, and sometimes in the summer. St. Hildegard is not officially the patron saint of anything. Hi readers, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! We choose a patron saint for ourselves in the Sacrament of Confirmation because the saints are our heroes. St. Michael the Archangel, the Catholic saint of protection. When he discovered they were a noble family being exiled to Africa after political intrigues, he abandoned his original plan and volunteered to be their servant. He renounced . How do I know what cause he was a saint of? I often say that it is Marys second fiat, or perhaps her millionth fiat. Why Do We Choose A Saint For Confirmation? Your list gives everything but the Saints name unless you jump thru the correct hoop! *This article has Amazon Affiliate links that will help the ministry of Catholic-Link at no additional cost to you. In those days churches were built on the site of where martyrs had died. Most people donate because Catholic Online is useful. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Yet his impulsive wish to help saved many people in one emergency. The saint is considered a special intercessor with God and the proper advocate of a particular locality, occupation, etc., and merits a special form of religious observance. Show the volunteers who bring you reliable, Catholic information that their work matters. It is a popular pilgrimage destination for Catholics worldwide. St. Gabriel the Archangel serves as the patron saint of communication because of his role in delivering important messages from God to the people. St. John the Apostle, St.Francis de Sales, St.Francis of Assisi, St. Anthony the Abbot, St.Andrew the Apostle, St.Peter the Apostle, St.Francis Xavier, Therese of Lisieux, Leonard of Port Maurice, St.Agatha, St.Camillus de Lellis, St.John of God, St.Cosmas and St.Damian, St.Luke the Evangelist, St.Catherine of Alexandria, St.John Chrysostom, St.Augustine, St.Genesius, St.John of God, St.Catherine of Alexandria, St.Thomas Aquinas, St.Gregory, St.John Baptist de la Salle, St. John the Apostle, St.Alphonsus Liguori, St.Augustine, St.Amand, St.Morand, St.Vincent of Zaragoza. Nothing of Georges life or deeds can be established, but tradition holds that he was a Roman soldier and was tortured and decapitated under Diocletians persecution of Christians in 303. Timeless classics, Mass prayers, novenas, more. Your email address will not be published. Third question. Perhaps there are worse reasons to choose a saint. When he decided at 38 that he should go to Africa to ransom Christian captives, he quit immediately and set off for the port of Gibraltar. He rose up the ranks and was awarded the rank of Tribunus Militum, a position which put him in charge of a regiment with around 1,000 soldiers. It didn't help that he decided to try to finance his plan by selling wood in the square. (Anyone know?). Is there a Saint Marvin. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? [6], It is, however, generally discouraged in most Protestant branches such as Calvinism, where the practice is considered a form of idolatry. Working at this pace, I produce a first draft in about three to four months. Once there he cleaned them, dressed their wounds, and mended their clothes at night while he prayed. When you think youve finally chosen a saint, begin asking for their intercession in your confirmation process and enjoy the journey together! In Desiderio desideravi (2022), Pope Francis writes, We owe to the [the Second Vatican] Council and to the liturgical movement that preceded it the rediscovery of a theological understanding of the Liturgy and of its importance in by Armado Cervantes | Mar 2, 2023 | Evangelization, Outstanding Initiatives. Shoemakers: Crispin and Crispinian (October 25) n: Sick: Michael, September 29; John of God, March 8; Philomena (August 11 ), Singers: Gregory, September 3; Cecilia, November 22, Soldiers: George, April 23; Adrian (September 8); Michael, aa, September 29; Ignatius ofLoyola, July 31; Sebastian, January 20; Martin of Tours, November 11; Joan ofArc (May 30), Spinsters: Catherine of Alexandria (November 25), Stenographers: Genesius (August 25); Cassian (December 3), Stonemasons: Stephen, December 26; Barbara (December 4), Students: Catherine of Alexandria (November 25); Jerome, September 30; Thomas, Surgeons: Cosmas and Damian, September 26, Tailors: Boniface, June 5; Martin of Tours, November 11; Homobonus (November 13), Tanners: Crispin and Crispinian (October 25); Lawrence, August 10, Teachers: Catherine of Alexandria (November 25); Gregory the Great, September 3; Ursula, Telegraph/Telephone/Television workers: Gabriel, aa, September 29; Clare, August 11, Tertiaries: Louis of France, August 25; Elizabeth of Hungary, November 17, Travelers: Christopher (July 25); Julian the Hospitaller (February 12); Gertrude, November 16; Raphael, aa, September 29, Watchmen: Peter of Alcantara (October 19), Weavers: Paul the Hermit (January 15); Anastasia (December 25), Wheelwrights: Catherine of Alexandria (November 25), Youth: Aloysius Gonzaga, June 21; John Berchmans (August 13); Gabriel Possenti (February 27), Americas: Our Lady of Guadalupe, Rose of Lima, Armenia: Gregory Illuminator (October 1 ), Bohemia: Wenceslaus, September 28; Ludmilla, grandmother of Wenceslaus (September16); John Nepomucene (May 16), Bolivia: Our Lady of Copacabana (Virgen de la Candelaria), Brazil: Immaculate Conception, December 8, Chile: James the Greater, July 25; Our Lady of Mt. He jumped out of bed to gather the wood from the raging river. It would make a blockbuster of a film. When hes on deadline, he adds in writing time after work and on weekends, and sometimes in the summer. Who was the original patron saint of England? [9], However, the Wahhabi and Salafi movements within Sunnism have latterly attacked the veneration of saints (as patron or otherwise), which they claim are a form of idolatry or shirk. As the Catholic Encyclopedia notes, by the Middle Ages, the practice of adopting patron saints had spread beyond churches to "the ordinary interests of life, his health, and family, trade, maladies, and perils, his death, his city, and country.The whole social life of the Catholic world before the Reformation was animated with the idea of protection from the . St. George is also usually presented wearing a suit of armor. The country was consecrated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary around 2011,2012 or 2013. Readers ask: Where Is Saint George University? And I type everything because Im just too used to writing on the computer now. These areas can include occupations, illnesses, churches, countries, causes -- anything that is important to us. When all the patients were rescued, he started throwing blankets, sheets, and mattresses out the windows -- how well he knew from his own hard work how important these things were. Why? Magazine is the alumni magazine of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. St. George is most notably the patron saint of reading and books, lepers, and leprosy. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Augustine of Hippo, whose brilliant writings are considered a cornerstone of Western civilization, is the patron saint of printers. #3 Saint George Is Venerated as a Medieval Soldier St. George became a much-venerated saint during the Crusades, a series of religious wars between the Christians and Muslims for the control of the Holy Land between the 11th and 13th centuries. Required fields are marked *. EWTN | 5817 Old Leeds Rd. Animals, domestic: Ambrose, December 7; Cornelius, September 16, Architects/builders: Barbara (December 4 ); Thomas, ap, July 3, Artists: Luke, October 18; Michael, aa, September 29, Authors: Francis de Sales, January 29; Lucy, December 13, Aviators: Joseph of Cupertino (September 18); Therese of Lisieux, October 1; Our Lady ofLoreto (December 10), Bakers: Elizabeth of Hungary, November 17; Nicholas of Myra, December 6; Peter, ap,June 29, Barbers: Cosmas and Damian, September 26; Louis of France, August 25, Barren women: Anthony of Padua, June 13; Felicity, March 7, Beekeepers: Ambrose, December 7; Bernard of Clairvaux, August 20, Beggars: Elizabeth of Hungary, November 17; Giles (September 1); Alexis (July 17); Martinof Tours, November 11, Blind: Dunstan (May 19); Odilia (December 13); Raphael, aa, September 29; Lucy, December13, Bodily ills: Our Lady of Lourdes, February 11, Brewers: Boniface, June 5; Augustine, August 28; Luke, October 18; Nicholas of Myra, Dec 6, Brides: Dorothy (February 6); Nicholas of Myra, December 6, Butchers: Anthony, ab, January 17; Adrian (September 8); Luke, e, October 18; Peter, ap, June 29, Cab drivers: Fiacre (September 1 in Ireland), Carpenters: Joseph, March 19; Thomas, July 3, Catechists: Viator, Charles Borromeo, Robert Bellarmine, Catholic action: Francis of Assisi, October 4, Catholic writers/press: Francis de Sales, January 24, Charitable societies: Vincent de Paul, September 27, Children: Nicholas of Myra, December 6; Pancras, May 12. If a day is not celebrated in the current calendar, the date of observance according to the old calendar is included in parenthesis. Articles like these are sponsored free for every Catholic through the support of generous readers just like you. For example, when the previously unknown occupation of photography appeared in the 19th century, Saint Veronica was made its patron, owing to how her veil miraculously received the imprint of Christ's face after she wiped off the blood and sweat. This is taken to include journalists, broadcasters, and telecommunication workers. Your email address will not be published. Thoughts And Prayers From The 13 Patron Saints Of World Youth Day Lisbon 2023, Novena To The Holy Spirit To Prepare For Confirmation Or Pentecost. The Church of San Giorgio in Velabro (Saint George in Velabro) in Rome, Italy, has part of his skull, which it keeps beneath the churchs altar. Francis. Jesus is said to have appeared to St. George during the night to heal all his wounds. Why is this made difficult? As early as the 300s A.D., churches and people were being named after the 12 Apostles and martyrs for Christ. Help us learn to fight the little voices in our heads and hearts that give us all sorts of practical reasons to wait or delay in our service of God. #5 Saint Georges Feast Day Celebration Is on April 23rd His feast day is April 23, the date he was beheaded by Roman authorities. England shares St George with Venice, Genoa, Portugal, Ethiopia and Catalonia among others as their patron saint and many of these places have their own celebrations and ceremonies in his honour. Today if you feel an impulse to do good, do it immediately as John of God would have done without thinking of how practical or how embarrassing it might be. A priest who founded several monasteries, including that at Kells, where monks worked to copy the four Gospels of the Bible and drew elaborate illustrations to accompany the wordsthe famous Book of Kells. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They gathered outside his cave and listened to him reading the Holy Gospel. It is said that as the musicians played bawdy songs at her wedding banquet, Cecilia sang in her heart hymns to Christ, her heavenly bridegroom. They begged their way from village to village until John fell sick. According to tradition, this pious woman of Jerusalem gave her veil to Christ to wipe his face while he was on his way to Calvary and when he gave it back, the image of his face was magically imprinted on it. He collected the melodies and chants so associated with him that they are now known as Gregorian Chants. Harnessing the expertise of major Catholic influencers who by Rev. When this thirteenth-century Franciscan abbess was too ill to attend Mass, it is believed that the Holy Spirit would project the service onto the wall of her room so that she could watch from her bed. The following is the list of Catholic patron saints. The list is sorted by their patron cause. Turns out Ribays latest book, Patron Saints of Nothing, which had only been out for a few months and was initially rejected by several editors, was one of 10 on the longlist in the Young Peoples Literature category for the prestigious award, often referred to as the Oscars of American literature. Patron Saint of Liars is a pleasurable read, that captivates throughout and will leave the reader wanting more. There is no right answer: all the saints are great choices! So when he was 15, his father sold an oxen to . The military has a method of teaching called KISS KEEP IT SIMPLE STUPID/SIMON. An Italian cloistered nun, she was a painter herself, in fact, one of her surviving works, a 1456 depiction of St. Ursula, now hands in the Galleria Academia in Venice. St. George was said to have appeared before Christian forces on two occasions. These churches then would bear their name in their honor. But as Catholics, we understand the reality that the saints are very much alive in God in Heaven. Your Child Has Been Confirmed! CASIMIR, PATRON OF LITHUANIABorn in 1458, St Casimir was of Lithuanian origin, the son of the King of Poland. Daily Readings for Saturday, March 04, 2023, St. Casimir: Saint of the Day for Saturday, March 04, 2023, Lenten Prayer: Prayer of the Day for Monday, February 27, 2023. But more than anything, it helps me appreciate their depth and their intelligence., 2023 President and Fellows of Harvard College, Tales Told Twice Through Close Cross-Media Comparisons. She abandons her quiet, inoffensive husband and their life at the southern California seaside of the 1960s. Who is the patron saints of friendship. St. George was born around 280 AD in Cappadocia, which is now in modern Turkey. Linda Rosenkrantzis the co-founder of Nameberry, and co-author with Pamela Redmond of the ten baby naming books acknowledged to have revolutionized American baby naming. It's essential that we start preparing now for Lent so that Lent will be a season spent preparing for Easter. This list comes from The Catholic SourceBook: Third Edition by Rev. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. St. Gabriel the Archangel serves as the patron saint of communication because of his role in delivering important messages from God to the people. San Marino was a soldier in garrison at Caesarea in Palestine. St. Catherine of Alexandria. St. George was then dragged through the streets of Lydda (now Lod) and beheaded. Saints often become the patrons of places where they were born or had been active. So they used his impulsive nature to trick him into leaving his post on the pretext of helping someone in need. It was an honor Ribay never would have seen coming as a kid. The wealthy, well-educated Gregory, who sold all of his possessions and became a Benedictine monk and missionary, and the first monk to be elected Pope, was a male patron saint of music, predating Cecilia. Saints Around The World | Meg Hunter Kilmer, Pray for Us: 75 Saints Who Sinned, Suffered, and Struggled on Their Way to Holiness | Meg Hunter Kilmer, Lent 2023: A Resource Guide For Catholics, Books | Our Favorite Catholic Books To Read, 6 Essential Ways To Engage Catholic Young Adults In 2023, How Much Tech Is Too Much For Your Kids? St. George was venerated as a symbol of medieval romance and embodied a combination of Christian virtue and military prowess. Second question. Who is the patron saint of school bus drivers? Pope Pius XII designated Saint Clare of Assisi patroness of television in 1958 when TV viewing was becoming popular. Thoughts And Prayers From The 13 Patron Saints Of World Youth Day Lisbon 2023. John may have been positive that God wanted him to start a hospital for the poor who got bad treatment, if any, from the other hospitals, but everyone else still thought of him as a madman. He was born in Roman Britain and when he was fourteen or so, he was captured by Irish pirates during a raiding party and taken to Ireland as a slave to herd and tend sheep. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. For the love of God, Brothers, do good!" It wasnt long after that I changed majors and developed both the desire to help kids appreciate stories in this way and to tell my own stories., These days, he gets up early, writing nearly every weekday from 56:30 a.m. before heading (now online) to the high school in California where he teaches English. When you are baptized, the priest says the name chosen for you by your parents. Andrew Kim Tae-gn, Priest, and Paul Chng Ha-sang, and Companions, MartyrsMemorial New! It is published three times a year. Grammer plays a grumpy pastor who experiences a transformation of heart and openness to new ideas while by Fr. But from fairly contemporary references, it looks as though he was born a Christian in Cappadocia, now in eastern Turkey and may have been of some Darian Persian blood too. Parents need to know that Randy Ribay's Patron Saints of Nothing is a powerful and heartrending coming-of-age tale about 17-year-old Filipino American Jay Reguero, who goes to the Philippines to uncover the truth about his cousin's death.Compassion, communication, curiosity, and courage are important themes. They accepted Gods tremendous love with great receptivity. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law. Seeing Christians act this way so disturbed John that it shook his faith. I did take an undergrad creative writing poetry class while I was at HGSE, and I started writing book reviews for the Horn Book Guide after taking a class on YA lit with Lolly Robinson and Christina Dodd, he says. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? Below you'll find six suggestions that have proven to be successful in the by Debbie Cowden | Feb 25, 2023 | April, Parenting, Prayer. I took St. Janetta as my patron saint at confirmation 50 years ago. A way to narrow down our search might be to begin with our own namesake. Patron Saint Of: Saint: Accountants: St. Matthew the Apostle: Actors: St. Genesius: Air travelers: St. Joseph of Cupertino: Altar boys: St. John Berchmans: Architects This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. I know it to be true in regards to getting older, but I also believe it to be true in relationship to the world: You can find joy in all by David Kruse | Feb 20, 2023 | Family, Testimonies, Vocation. He says he writes "fairly slowly," getting down about 500-1,000 words . In The Patron Saint of Liars, Rose is a young wife of three years who concludes she married by mistake, that she misinterpreted teenage lust as a sign from God.Newly pregnant and unable to continue a life with a man she doesn't love, Rose decides to leave. Saint George, patron of England, is celebrated in Sicily as well. In 903 the remains of St Edmund, the original the Patron Saint of England, were moved to the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Beodericsworth (later known as Bury St Edmunds) where the site had already been in religious use for nearly three centuries. He earned a Bachelors Degree in History from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. ), Communication workers: Gabriel, September 29 r, Confessors: Alphonsus Liguori, August 1; John Nepomucene (May 16), Convulsion in children: Scholastica, February 10, Cooks: Lawrence, August 10; Martha, July 29, Dairy workers: Bridget of Sweden, July 23, Desperate situations: Jude Thaddacus, October 28; Gregory of Neocaesarea (theWonderworker) (November 17), Druggists: Cosmas and Damian, September 26; James the Less, ap, May 3, Dying: Joseph, March 19; Barbara (December 4), Emigrants: Frances Xavier Cabrini, November 13, Engineers: Joseph, March 19; Ferdinand III (May 30), Expectant mothers: Raymond Nonnatus (August 31 ); Gerard Majella (October 16), Falsely accused: Raymond Nonnatus (August 31 ), Farmers: George, April 23; Isidore, May 15, Fire prevention: Catherine of Siena, April 29; Barbara (December 4), First Communicants: Tarcisius (August 15), Florists: Dorothy (February 6); Therese of Lisieux, October 1, Funeral directors: Joseph of Arimathea (March 17); Dismas (March 25), Gardeners: Agnes, January 21; Dorothy (February 6); Trypho (November 10); Fiacre(September 1 in Ireland), Glaziers (people who fit glass in windows): Mark, April 25, Grave diggers and graveyards: Anthony, ab, January 17, Grace, those in need: Teresa of Avila, October 15, Guardian angels: Raphael, aa, September 29, Hairdressers: Martin de Porres, November 3, Hospitality: Julian the Hospitaller (February 12), Hospital Administrators: Basil the Great, Frances Xavier Cabrini, Hospitals: Camillus de Lellis, July 14; John of God, March 8; Jude Thaddaeus, ap, October 28, Housewives: Anne, July 26; Martha, July 29, Journalists: Francis de Sales, January 24, Jurists: Catherine of Alexandria (November 25); John of Capistrano, October 23, Laborers: Isidore, May 15; James, July 25, Lawyers: Ivo of Chartres (June 17); Genesius (August 25), Learning: Ambrose, December 7; Acca (November 27), Maidens: Agnes, January 21; Margaret (July 20); Ursula (October 21 ), Mariners: Michael, aa, September 29; Nicholas of Tolentino (September 10), Merchants: Francis of Assisi, October 4; Nicholas of Myra, December 6, Missions: Francis Xavier, December 3; Therese of Lisieux, October 1, Missions, Black: Peter Claver, September 9; Benedict the Moor (April 4), Missions, home: Leonard of Port Maurice (November 26), Moral theologians: Alphonsus Liguori, August 1, Mothers: Monica, August 27; Anne, July 26, Motorcyclists: Our Lady of Grace (May 31 ), Mountaineers: Bernard of Menthon (May 28), Musicians: Cecilia, November 22; Gregory the Great, September 3; Paul, June 29, Notaries: Mark, April 25; Luke, October 18, Nurses: Agatha, February 5; Alexis (July 17); Camillus de Lellis, July 14; Raphael,September 29; John of God, March 8; Margaret of Scotland (November 16), Nursing and Nursing Services: Elizabeth of Hungary, Catherine of Siena, Painters: John the Evangelist, December 27; Luke, October 18, Pawnbrokers: Nicholas of Myra, December 6, Pharmacists: Cosmas and Damian, September 26, Philosophers: Catherine of Alexandria (November 25); Justin, June 1, Physicians: Cosmas and Damian, September 26; Luke, October 18; Raphael, September 29, Pilgrims: Alexis (July 17); James, July 25, Poor: Lawrence, August 10; Anthony of Padua, June 13, Possessed: Bruno, October 6; Denis, October 9, Priests: John Vianney, August 4; Paul, June 29, Printers: Augustine, August 28; John the Evangelist, December 27; Genesius of Aries, Prisoners: Dismas (March 26); Barbara (December 4), Publishers: John the Evangelist, December 27; Francis de Sales, January 24, Saddlers: Crispin and Crispinian (October 25), Sailors: Cuthbert (March 20); Erasmus (June 2); Nicholas of Tolentino, (September 10);Brendan (May 16); Eulalia (December 10); Christopher (July 25); Peter Gonzales(April 15), School children: Benedict, July 11; Lawrence, August 10, Scientists: Albert the Great, November 15, Sculptors: Luke, October 18; Claude (November 8), Secretaries: Genesius of Aries (August 25), Seminarians: Charles Borromeo, November 4, Servants, domestic: Zita (April 27); Martha, July 29 it.

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