Later, Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts and finally to Baltimore. [162][163][164] Nixon's campaign promise to curb the war, contrasted with the escalated bombing, led to claims that Nixon had a "credibility gap" on the issue. Nixon downplayed the scandal as mere politics, calling news articles biased and misleading. [279], In 1986, Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers, impressing his audience with his tour d'horizon of the world. These losses caused Nixon to contemplate leaving politics once he had served out his term. Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aidesDean, Haldeman, and John Ehrlichmanand The Washington Post, disbelieving his illness, printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the "wrong foot". His application was approved, and he was appointed a lieutenant junior grade in the United States Naval Reserve on June 15, 1942. He defeated McGovern with over 60percent of the popular vote, losing only in Massachusetts and D.C.[232], The term Watergate has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration. At the time, when Israel was attacked by Egypt and Syria, Nixon decided to support Israel. [159] Nixon announced the ground invasion of Cambodia on April 30, 1970, against North Vietnamese bases in the east of the country,[160] and further protests erupted against perceived expansion of the conflict, which resulted in Ohio National Guardsmen killing four unarmed students at Kent State University. Both presidents can be considered prominent figures of the political arena. [268] In early 1978, he visited the United Kingdom; there, he was shunned by American diplomats, most ministers of the James Callaghan government, and two former prime ministers, Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath. [265] In February 1976, Nixon visited China at the personal invitation of Mao. [115] The family moved to New York City, where Nixon became a senior partner in the leading law firm Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander. He was survived by his two daughters, Tricia and Julie, and four grandchildren. Nixon broke new ground by discussing environmental policy in his State of the Union speech in 1970. [187], Nixon made one of his final international visits as president to the Middle East in June 1974, and became the first President to visit Israel. [181], As part of the Nixon Doctrine, the U.S. avoided giving direct combat assistance to its allies and instead gave them assistance to defend themselves. He nominated two Southern conservatives, Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell to the Supreme Court, but neither was confirmed by the Senate. [91] On September 24, 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack and his condition was initially believed to be life-threatening. [107], Televised presidential debates made their debut as a political medium during the campaign. Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president. No words can describe the depth of my regret and pain at the anguish my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and the presidency, a nation I so deeply love, and an institution I so greatly respect. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power. - Nixon made progress with detente (relaxing tensions with the USSR and China). In January 1945 he was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics office in Philadelphia to help negotiate the termination of war contracts, and received his second letter of commendation, from the Secretary of the Navy[50] for "meritorious service, tireless effort, and devotion to duty". Both Nixon and his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by remaining in Whittier. [214] He also endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment after it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and went to the states for ratification. Given the immense attention to Watergate down to the present, it is no wonder that we forget how effective Richard M. Nixon was as a president. [14][15], Nixon attended East Whittier Elementary School, where he was president of his eighth-grade class. Nixon said he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president, Gerald Ford. [28] In his political campaigns, Nixon suggested that this was his response to Pearl Harbor, but he had sought the position throughout the latter part of 1941. [22], Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University, but with Harold's continued illness requiring his mother's care, Richard was needed at the store. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications", "The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives", "Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism", National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, "The Republican ReversalJames Morton Turner, Andrew C. Isenberg | Harvard University Press", "MIT lecture notes in "Aircraft Systems Engineering," fall 2005, on early Space Shuttle policy", "Protesters Heckle Nixon at Oxford Opponents of Oxford Speech Cool Nixon's Warm Welcome", "Nixon Center Becomes Center for the National Interest", "THE 37TH PRESIDENT: THE LAST DAYS; Disabled, Yet Retaining Control Over His Care", "Kissinger says Trump, Nixon foreign policies similar, warns Biden on Iran", "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Bestand WorstPresidents? However, Nixon earned 301 electoral votes to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace, a majority. [121], Nixon was one of the few leading Republicans not blamed for the disastrous results, and he sought to build on that in the 1966 Congressional elections. [290] At its peak, the line to pass by Nixon's casket was three miles long with an estimated 42,000 people waiting.[291]. After a honeymoon in Mexico, the Nixons began their married life in Whittier. [141] On July 15, 1971, with announcements from Washington and Beijing that astounded the world, it was learned that the President would visit China the following February. [195] He reimposed price controls in June 1973. Nixon established a new relationship with the Middle East, eliminating Soviet dominance in the region. Also in attendance were former Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and their wives. Jimmy Carter, continuing violence in the Middle East and the overthrow of the shah of Iran by revolutionary forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979 destabilized the region so much that the guidelines of the Nixon Doctrine no longer served U.S. national interests. - American involvement stabilised the Middle East whilst excluding the Soviets, - Name given to the period of improved relationship between US and USSR. [148] This was one component of triangular diplomacy. Although he faced difficulty with Congress, Nixon was able to overcome his own partys views in order to fight for the best policies and his determination and successful policies earn him an A in this area. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON3,[183] placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. [242], The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and later paid $465,000 (equivalent to $2.6million in 2021) in back taxes in 1974. [127][233][234], In July 1973, White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified under oath to Congress that Nixon had a secret taping system and recorded his conversations and phone calls in the Oval Office. [199][198] Nixon vetoed the Clean Water Act of 1972objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them, which he deemed excessive. If I need them to take a certain perspective, I can count on the fact that they will do it intelligently and convincingly. Ford International Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute for Technology. I can always count on your writers to produce exactly what I request. [321] In his account of the Nixon presidency, author Richard Reeves described Nixon as "a strange man of uncomfortable shyness, who functioned best alone with his thoughts". - He wanted negotiations with big super powers like China and USSR, - In 1970 Kissinger and Nixon feared that the Socialist Salvador Allende might win the presidential election The price increase hurt U.S. consumers of oil and gasoline. He even found his personal foreign policy strategy The Reagan Doctrine. WebWhat did Nixon do in response to the possibility of Allende being elected, which would prevent his coming to power or would unseat him if he succeeded? [247], Nixon's speech received generally favorable initial responses from network commentators, with only Roger Mudd of CBS stating that Nixon had not admitted wrongdoing. [192][193] He then announced temporary wage and price controls, allowed the dollar to float against other currencies, and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold. [96] Eisenhower suffered a mild stroke in November 1957, and Nixon gave a press conference, assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower's brief illness. On the Republican side, Nixon's main opposition was Michigan Governor George Romney, though New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and California Governor Ronald Reagan each hoped to be nominated in a brokered convention. - In March the communists attacked South Vietnam. [29] It paid high salaries to its professors, many of whom had national or international reputations. - Reagan argued that negotiating with the USSR weakened the US and they shouldn't have any communist affiliations [21], At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. At Whittier, Nixon lost a bid for student body president, his first electoral defeat. In Montevideo, Uruguay, Nixon made an impromptu visit to a college campus, where he fielded questions from students on U.S. foreign policy. It included an immediate cease-fire, the withdrawal of all American military personnel, the release of all prisoners of war, and an international force to keep the peace. His mother was a Quaker, and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith. [151] He sought an arrangement that would permit American forces to withdraw while leaving South Vietnam secure against attack. - Nixon went to Moscow on the 22nd of May 1972 and signed SALT and anti-Ballistic Missile treaty. The bill was weakened in the Senate, and civil rights leaders were divided over whether Eisenhower should sign it. The president believed thatexcept during the Suez Crisisthe U.S. had failed to intervene with Israel, and should use the leverage of the large U.S. military aid to Israel to urge the parties to the negotiating table. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [62], Nixon first gained national attention in August 1948, when his persistence as a HUAC member helped break the Alger Hiss spy case. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [250] According to his biographer, Jonathan Aitken, "Nixon was a soul in torment" after his resignation. President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, "Nixon" redirects here. [175], In 1973, Nixon encouraged the Export-Import Bank to finance in part a trade deal with the Soviet Union in which Armand Hammer's Occidental Petroleum would export phosphate from Florida to the Soviet Union, and import Soviet ammonia. WebRichard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974.A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.His five years in the White House The President did not reveal any of this to the American people. After the 1973 Arab-Israeli war (the Yom Kippur War), Kissingers back-and-forth visits between the Arab states and Israel (dubbed shuttle diplomacy) helped to broker disengagement agreements but did little to improve U.S. relations with the Arabs. Did Richard Nixon support the Vietnam War? [42] He was assigned to the tire rationing division, where he was tasked with replying to correspondence. [251] His former press secretary, Ron Ziegler, sat with him alone for hours each day.[252]. [57] Advocacy by Herter Committee members, including Nixon, led to congressional passage of the Marshall Plan. [108] Nixon narrowly lost the election, with Kennedy winning the popular vote by only 112,827 votes (0.2percent).

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